Objective To analyze the quantity, spatial distribution, health human resource allocation, and service efficiency of clinics in Guangxi from 2015 to 2022, identify the shortage in resource allocation, and provide evidence-based references for optimizing primary health resources layout, promoting standardized clinic development, and advancing the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. Methods Descriptive statistical analysis were adopted to analyze the number and distribution characteristics of clinics, the quantity and structure of various health personnel, as well as their service load and service efficiency in Guangxi from 2015 to 2022. Results (1) From 2015 to 2022, the number of clinics in Guangxi increased annually, rising from 7 957 in 2015 to 10 429 in 2022, with an increase rate of 31.07% and an average annual growth rate of 3.94%. In terms of clinic composition, clinics in Guangxi were dominated by private ones from 2015 to 2022, accounting for over 99.00% each year during the period; in 2022, private clinics accounted for 99.80% and public clinics only 0.20%. In urban-rural distribution, there were 6 478 urban clinics (62.12%) and 3 951 rural clinics (37.88%) in Guangxi in 2022; the proportion of urban clinics was relatively high in Southern Guangxi (75.34%) and Nanning City (83.09%), while it was relatively low in Western Guangxi (40.91%) and Chongzuo City (27.02%). (2) In terms of health human resource allocation, the number of various health personnel in Guangxi clinics increased annually from 2015 to 2022, with average annual growth rates higher than the average level of primary medical and health institutions. Among all health personnel, registered nurses had the largest growth in workforce size, rising from 5 493 to 12 382, representing a growth of 125.41% and an average annual growth rate of 12.31%; licensed (assistant) physicians had the smallest growth in workforce size, increasing from 10 209 to 15 830, with an increase of 55.06% and an average annual growth rate of 6.47%. In terms of average health personnel allocation per clinic, the number of various health personnel showed an upward trend; the average number of health personnel per clinic increased from 2.49 in 2015 to 3.11 in 2022 with an increase of 24.90%. During the same period, the physician-to-nurse ratio in Guangxi clinics showed a declining trend, decreasing from 1:0.54 to 1:0.78, yet remained consistently higher than the average level of primary healthcare institutions during the same period. (3) In terms of service load, the total outpatient visits of clinics in Guangxi presented an overall trend of rising first and then declining, increasing from 30.079 million visits in 2015 to 33.214 million in 2017, and then decreasing to 27.583 million in 2022, with an overall annual average decline rate of 1.23%. In terms of service efficiency, the daily outpatient visits per physician in Guangxi clinics showed a fluctuating downward trend, dropping from 11.74 visits in 2015 to 6.94 in 2022, with an average annual decline rate of 7.23%, which was consistently lower than the average level of primary medical and health institutions. Conclusion From 2015 to 2022, the number and health human resource of clinics in Guangxi grew steadily with prominent characteristics of privately-run medical services. However, problems such as uneven spatial distribution, imbalanced physician-nurse structure, and low service efficiency persisted. It is suggested to optimize the resource layout of clinics, improve health human resource allocation, innovate industry supervision models, and promote the transition of clinics to general practice, so as to improve the efficiency of primary medical services and facilitate the construction of the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system.

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